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Bring Back the Horse's Instincts
The
issue is free choice forage feeding.
I
respect and honor the way horses are made – they are different – unique, really.
In a suitable, native environment, they are quite capable of taking care of
themselves. They are free to eat and roam and, well, be horses. Domestication
involves removing them from their natural setting, but that doesn’t change who
they are. Horses have physiological and mental needs and those needs are being
ignored.
I have very deep convictions on allowing a horse’s instincts to take hold. Many
horses have lost their ability to express them, but they can resurface. Last
month, I wrote about the stress of forage restriction. Some have said that what
I am describing appears to be a road to increased obesity and an increased risk
of laminitis. But they are grossly mistaken.
When we see images of wild horses running free, we all experience the hush, the
chill, and the awe of their power and majesty. That is Nature at her best –
allowing these incredible animals to live as they are intended. Why is it that
we don’t see our own domesticated horses in the same way? Why is it that we
think we can confine them to a small area for hours at a time, give them a few
“square meals” each day and expect them to be right, physically and mentally?
Are they not the same horses that long ago lived a different life?
It’s been said that our horses have become different – that horses living in
the wild don’t suffer from the ravages of insulin resistance, the main cause of
laminitis. Yes, it’s true -- we don’t see laminitis when horses are free to
feed themselves. But we do see insulin resistance, and that’s a blessing. Insulin
resistance is the body’s way of avoiding starvation. During a harsh winter,
when the food supply is sparse, horses will hold on to body fat to help them
survive. They do this by having an elevated blood insulin level. When insulin
is high, the cells cannot release fat. This is a survival mechanism.
We
duplicate this when we restrict forage. The horse responds the same way – he is
in survival mode! And he holds on to body fat.
Anything that causes insulin to rise will keep a horse fat. Hundreds of studies
with humans confirm the connection between elevated insulin and obesity. Stress
causes obesity in humans. Why? Because cortisol (the stress
hormone) causes insulin to rise. At the cellular level, the same is true
for horses. We have equine studies to show how insulin rises during stress. So
why isn’t this being extrapolated to obesity in horses?
Perhaps it’s because it doesn’t seem to make sense that eating more causes
weight loss. But we know that humans best lose weight
by eating small meals throughout the day – grazing, if you will. And we also
know that starving oneself will result in weight loss (mostly muscle loss) but
will slow down the metabolic rate so dramatically, that the weight comes back
on with far fewer calories than it originally took to maintain one’s weight.
Yet the studies we choose to do using horses involve starving the horse to get
him to lose weight. Which he does. And we celebrate.
The conventional advice appears to work: Give the horse hay equal to 1.5% of
his body weight, keep him in a stall much of the day so he cannot graze, and he
loses weight! And if he doesn’t, reduce the amount of hay to 1%! The idiom,
“not seeing the forest for the trees,” comes to mind. What is the big picture?
What are you left with? A horse with less muscle mass, stressed to the max,
with a sluggish metabolism so he will never live a normal life of grazing on
pasture again. Never.
We
have forced our horses to abandon their instincts.
They no longer get the inner signal that tells them to stop eating. To help you
appreciate this, I’d like you to think about your childhood. When you were a
toddler, you ate what you needed, and when you were no longer hungry, you
stopped eating. Yes, you were coddled to finish your green beans, or no dessert!
So you ate more to get that reward. But your instincts (yes, you had them back
then) were to eat only what your body required. As you grew, you discovered
that eating has more rewards than just getting dessert; eating is comforting,
it cures stress, boredom, or disappointment, and is just plain fun! You likely
don’t eat only when you’re hungry; you eat whenever you gather with friends or
celebrate a special occasion. And guess what? Now that you’re grown, those
instincts to eat only what your body needs have long faded.
Horses are a different story. They do not succumb to the pressures of society
to influence their appetites. But when they are forced to eat on our schedules,
they quickly become out of touch with that innate ability to eat slowly, a little
at a time, and stop when satisfied. Instead, they eat quickly, ravenously, with
barely a breath in between each bite, because they do not know when their next
meal will be available. When it gets close to feeding time they pace, bob their
heads, paw the ground, and make strange noises. This is not normal; it is a
result of what we have done to our horses. We, well-meaning horse owners and
caregivers, are putting our horses into survival mode!
Horses
are unlike humans in one very significant way.
Their digestive tract is not the same as ours. The biology that drives the
horse’s digestion is indisputable: The horse’s stomach produces acid
continuously, necessitating the action of chewing to release acid-neutralizing
saliva. The digestive tract is made of muscles and needs to be exercised to
prevent colic by having a steady flow of forage running through it. The cecum (the
hindgut where forage is digested by billions of microbes) has both its entrance
and exit at the top, thereby requiring it to be full so material can exit, lest
it become impacted.
I appeal to you to look at this
logically.
You should not put your horse in a dry lot or a stall with no hay. You should
test your hay, make sure it is suitable for the horse (low in sugar, starch,
and calories) and put it in lots of slow feeders, placed everywhere you can –
encouraging your horse to move! Exercise, even a small amount will make a
difference. A larger amount will make a bigger difference.
When a horse loses weight the right way, his metabolic rate stays sound and he
will be able to graze on pasture again. Perhaps you will have to limit it a
bit, but maybe not. Some supplements may be helpful. I have seen hundreds of
cases over the years where horses have returned to a normal life – healthy,
full of vigor, with no grass restrictions.
Let
your horse tell you how much he needs to eat.
Show him that he can start trusting his instincts—that’s the strong message you
want him to understand. And you do that by being invariably trustworthy about
feeding. Start by giving him more hay (that you’ve tested for suitability) than
he could possibly eat – enough to last all day and enough so there is some left
over in the morning. That means he needs to always have forage available. If he
runs out, he will never get the message and will continue to overeat and
continue to be fat.
Let me repeat that… If he runs out, even for 10 minutes, he will never get the
message and will continue to overeat and continue to be fat. And worse, the
hormonal response to this stress can induce a laminitis attack or relapse. I’ve
seen this more times than I can count.
It may take a few weeks (though most of the time it is far shorter than that)
for the magic moment to occur – when he walks away from the hay, knowing that
it will still be there when he wants it. And then, watch his instincts start to
return… just like yours were when you were a small child… where he will eat
only what his body needs to be healthy. (You’ll notice a beautiful change in
his behavior, too.)
I have many, many clients who have put their trust in me and done this for
their horses with success. It is not easy to do at first – I understand that.
But when done properly, it works – the overweight horse loses weight. The horse
with chronic laminitis doesn’t suffer any more. The horse with Cushing’s
disease can live a longer, healthier life. Equine metabolic syndrome becomes a
thing of the past. And the owners… ah, the owners… can throw away all that
worry and experience the sheer joy that horse ownership can bring.
I
know that I am a trailblazer.
This seems like something new. Actually, if you think about it, it is so old,
that it is new! But that’s how change
happens. We used to feed oats to horses – gallons of oats every day. We now
know that a large amount of starch is detrimental. I am encouraged by this
change, not only because of its own value, but because it tells me that there
is every likelihood that feeding forage free choice will also come to be
accepted as mainstream.
I am doing everything I possibly can to help horse owners and professionals
understand this basic, foundational concept. I have 7 years of post-graduate
study in the field of animal nutrition. I work completely independently of
feed, supplement, and pharmaceutical companies. My approach is based on
observation and years of excellent results. There is no better science than
that.
Please share this article with your fellow horsemen and women. Permission to reprint commercially is granted, provided that full credit is given to Dr. Getty and publisher informs Dr. Getty about the use of the article. She may be reached at gettyequinenutrition@gmail.com. No editorial changes may be made without her approval.